tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76825668462361142172024-03-13T23:27:57.671-07:00On Digital HistoryA discussion of historically oriented work and materials presented in a digital, online environment.Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.comBlogger53125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-24382340097713074592023-11-28T11:38:00.000-08:002023-11-28T11:38:06.033-08:00Great lengths: a review of website preservation activities at three American Universities with digital humanities centers<p> I recently published an article discussing the preservation or sustainability of legacy digital humanities websites. These are resources that were created with grant funds which remain online after the end of a grant period. </p><p>The abstract reads as follows:</p><p>Sustaining grant funded digital humanities websites has become a major
challenge in the field. Three American universities with digital
humanities centers kept eight of nine websites funded by the United
States <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fqad080-B46"></span><a class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr" data-google-interstitial="false" data-open="fqad080-B46">National Endowment for the Humanities (1996–2003)</a>
online to 2022. Center personnel made website preservation a part of
everyday operations without additional funds devoted to the task. Web
software developed rapidly in this period, however and center staff
members’ efforts often did not succeed in providing necessary updates.
Funded materials became increasingly obsolete. The extent of center
personnel’s efforts, compared with their results, suggests that their
approach itself will in many cases prove unsustainable. In one case, a
university shifted responsibility for a popular website to its library.
The library completely rebuilt it, only to find that the resource had
again become obsolete less than 10 years later. Reconstruction should
therefore be understood as an ongoing process, and its cost and
complexity suggest that many online resources will not benefit from it. A
new approach converting websites to a static state can facilitate
sustainability at lower cost, but it also requires resources for
implementation. Two American funding agencies have recently made grants
available for website preservation and reconstruction. Similar
organizations in other parts of the world have not followed suit and
should consider doing so. In the absence of a comprehensive effort to
identify and evaluate legacy websites for preservation, the competitive
process of securing grant awards can begin to determine which legacy
websites will survive.</p><p>The full article appears in Digital Scholarship in the Humanities and is available at <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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<![endif]--></p>Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-69848200736209464112021-08-06T16:12:00.004-07:002021-08-06T16:12:58.415-07:00What is the Digital POWRR Project?<p><span style="font-family: arial;"> In my experience, a large majority of the grant-funded work that humanists, librarians and archivists produce online comes to exist as a project based at a single institution. The fact that a practitioner or practitioners at an individual organization usually administer the awarded funds tends to reduce inter-institutional resources to those of a grantee and subcontractors. The Digital POWRR Project certainly began that way at Northern Illinois University, but it is now starting to become something different.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">POWRR started with a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services that produced a white paper study of digital preservation challenges and potential solutions for librarians and archivists, especially at smaller institutions lacking large financial resources. Two subsequent grants produced a number of in-person professional development events offering practitioners practical knowledge about how to improve their institution's level of digital preservation capacity. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">This year, the project has entered a new phase: it is officially a multi-institutional entity. Stacey Erdman, a member of the original Digital POWRR team at Northern Illinois University who moved to work at Arizona State University, recently received notification that she had received funds from the Institute of Museum and Library Services' Laura Bush Twenty-First Century Librarian program for a new project advancing digital preservation practices at under-resourced institutions. Project partners include <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #343a40;">the
Sustainable Heritage Network, the Black Metropolis Research Consortium,
the Association of Hawai’i Archivists, Northwest Archivists, Inc., and
Amigos Library Services.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> Stacey's project includes an innovative new component: training practitioners to provide peer assessments of other institutions' digital preservation capacities using the National Digital Stewardship Alliance's Levels of Digital Preservation. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Stacey remains a part of the POWRR team, helping to lead professional development events organized by Northern Illinois University, as well as other entities who invite POWRR to provide instruction. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Other POWRR instructors include Danielle Spalenka, who moved from Northern Illinois University Libraries to the Filson Club Historical Society; Lynne Thomas, who moved from Northern Illinois University Libraries to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Martin Kong of Chicago State University (a partner organization in the study that produced the original POWRR white paper); Dorothea Salo, Faculty Associate at the University of Wisconsin iSchool; Sarah Cain, Curator of Rare Books and Manuscripts at Northern Illinois University Libraries; and Aaisha Haykal, who moved from Chicago State University to the College of Charleston (S.C.). </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Since its inception, the Digital POWRR Project has drawn on the expertise of a number of practitioners situated at different institutions. Now it works through the sponsored project and grant administration organizations at multiple institutions as well. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial;">I believe that this is possible because the Digital POWRR Project is largely organized around a common approach to digital preservation work, which its 2013 white paper originally articulated. At that time a number of large and/or wealthy institutions had made progress toward providing better preservation of digital materials in their collections, often by taking part in intensive (and expensive) professional development activities provided by well-regarded organizations in the emerging field. Realizing that these programs' large scope and cost often prevented many practitioners from benefiting from them, POWRR proposed a more flexible, "good-enough" approach to digital preservation. It emphasized making incremental progress toward better practices as measured by the NDSA's Levels of Digital Preservation., in part by introducing librarians and archivists to Open Source tools and encouraging them to assemble a set of applications best suited to their local workflow. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Although a perception that larger and wealthier organizations generally did a better job of preserving digital materials informed the original white paper, subsequent experience has shown that many representatives of R1 universities and well-funded private institutions remained quite confused about how to proceed toward digital preservation, and POWRR addressed their needs as well. More recently, a number of integrated, cloud-based digital preservation services have found an increasing foothold in the marketplace, and organizations that can afford their subscription fees have used them to good effect. This moves the POWRR Project back to its original emphasis on under-resourced organizations, as Stacey Erdman's recent award show. <br /></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the future, the Digital POWRR Project looks forward to the opportunity to work through multiple organizations in order to provide this service. I would love to hear about other projects in the libraries and archives field, as well as digital humanities, that operate in a manner similar to that which I have described above. </span><br /></span></span></p>Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-7906227740668484552021-04-09T12:10:00.002-07:002021-04-09T12:10:27.720-07:00ITHAKA Constellate: Text-Mining Product in Development<p>I have been invited to evaluate a beta version of ITHAKA' s text-mining product, which is tentatively titled Constellate. I'm thankful for the opportunity. </p><p>I have some knowledge of other text-mining products made available by library materials vendors like ProQuest and Gale. In my experience they work well, but they only offer the use of text materials found in those portions of individual vendors' available collections to which your particular institution has a subscription. If you want access to more materials for your data set, your institution needs to subscribe to more collections. </p><p></p><p>This type of product in general would be very helpful in teaching text data analysis at scale to non-programmers. I believe that humanities students can benefit from activities helping them to learn how to formulate hypotheses and evaluate evidence found in very large data sets. As individuals already receiving training in the critical evaluation of materials, they could make a valuable contribution to data-driven organizational activities in a number of fields. Put another way, employers of course need programmers able to build and adjust text-mining applications or sets of applications. But they also need critical thinkers to evaluate and results. <br /></p><p>Access to a relatively limited number of text data sets is not a problem for this type of experiential learning, but it does present a large obstacle to original scholarly research. A paper making an argument based on the analysis of a data set that only contains those nineteenth-century text materials appearing in a ProQuest or Gale data set will very likely overlook a large part of the available historical record. Researchers need to be able to upload their own data sets into online text-mining services. </p><p>It is also my impression that the code and algorithms that do the data analysis for vendor-served text mining project remain proprietary, which means that researchers and collaborating programmers would be unable to download the code and customize it for their own use. Since in my experience effective text-mining often requires a great deal of adjustment and customization, this presents another problem. <br /></p><p> Sales representatives for the above companies have made general statements about how their programmers were and are working on a function that would allow subscribers to upload their own data, but to my knowledge that has not happened. If any representatives of ProQuest, Gale, or other library vendors making similar products available have information to the contrary, please contact me and I will be happy evaluate your product. <br /></p><p>I am very interested in Constellate because the ITHAKA representative with whom I spoke emphasized that their organization plans to present the service as A) able to analyze outside data sets, and B) willing to allow outside programmers to access its Python code for the purpose of customization. They hope to build a collection or set of open-source code applications that various Constellate users have constructed. </p><p>This would be a very promising situation for researchers, teachers and learners situated at R2 and smaller institutions lacking large financial resources. <br /></p><p>I will spend the next few months working with Constellate and report on what I discover. <br /></p>Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-90867002015264111542021-04-09T11:39:00.004-07:002021-04-09T11:39:51.706-07:00"Some Assembly Required: Low-Cost Digitization of Materials from Magnetic Tape Formats for Preservation and Access"<p> Earlier this year three colleagues and I published an article discussing the digitization of sound materials from magnetic tape formats. </p><p>Please find the abstract and a link to the journal below. It is my understanding that the individual article will be embargoed until March, 2022, so the link to the individual article itself probably will not work until then. <br /></p><h4 class="resultTitle"><span class="small">"Some Assembly Required: Low-Cost Digitization of Materials from Magnetic Tape Formats for Preservation and Access"</span></h4><h4 class="resultTitle"><span class="small">Preservation, Digital Technology, and Culture 49 (3) October, 2020, 89-98</span></h4><h4 class="resultTitle"><span class="small"> https://www.degruyter.com/journal/key/PDTC/html</span>
</h4>
<div class="resultMetadata">
<span class="contributors mr-2">Sarah Cain, Brandon Welch, Annie Oelschlager, Drew VandeCreek</span>
<span class="pubDate mr-2">February 10, 2021</span> <span class="pageRange mr-2"></span>
</div><div aria-expanded="true" class="collapse show" id="details-2">
<div class="row">
<div class="abstract col">
<h3>Abstract</h3>
<div class="abstractContent">
Recent work discussing the digitization and
preservation of magnetic tape materials has maintained that it should be
left to expert practitioners and that the resulting digital materials
should be stored in digital repositories. This article suggests that
librarians and archivists lacking extensive technical skills or access
to expertise can digitize these materials themselves. It provides a
detailed account, including challenges faced, of how a team of
practitioners without prior training or experience digitized historical
audio recordings on cassette and open reel tape at Northern Illinois
University Libraries. The discussion reviews the assembly of equipment
and software that the team used for digitization work, discussing each
element’s significance and how they came together as a functioning
workflow. The authors also emphasize the fact that while the
digitization of fragile and/or degraded magnetic tape materials may
contribute to the preservation of their contents, this action also
creates a new set of materials with their own preservation needs.
Realizing that many practitioners serving medium-sized and smaller
institutions lacking large financial resources may not have access to a
full-fledged digital repository, they suggest the use of the National
Digital Stewardship Alliance’s Levels of Digital Preservation rubric as a
means by which practitioners may incrementally increase the probability
that digital materials made from magnetic tapes will remain accessible.
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-89791642762884448082020-01-10T10:53:00.000-08:002020-01-10T10:53:59.415-08:00Where Are They Now?: Curation and Preservation of Early Online Digital Humanities Materials<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I am currently doing research, in collaboration with my colleague Jaime Schumacher, on the present status of sixty-five online digital humanities projects funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities' Division of Education Programs Development and Demonstration competition in the period 1993-2005. This was a major source of early funding for projects in this field, providing support to the University of Virginia's Valley of the Shadow Project, the Perseus Digital Library at Tufts University, the Women and Social Movements Project at SUNY Binghamton, and many others.<br />
<br />
I should note that I did not receive any funding from this program during this period, nor did any of my colleagues at Northern Illinois University. <br />
<br />
Having experience in the creation of grant-funded, online digital humanities materials during this period as well as in the investigation of digital preservation issues in libraries and archives, I became aware that many of these online resources were likely at risk of loss. I know that we struggled mightily to devise a way to keep our online projects (Lincoln/Net, Mark Twain's Mississippi, Southeast Asia Digital Library) functioning and available, so it stood to reason that other practitioners and institutions in similar situations would do so as well.<br />
<br />
Based on our own experience, I identified major threats to the preservation and online presentation of these projects as<br />
<br />
1) the lack of long-term funding inherent in grant-funded work. Unlike discrete research projects commonly funded and performed in colleges, universities and cultural heritage institutions, which typically produce results and publish findings as part of a mutually agreed upon timeline, these projects proposed to make materials available to the public for an indefinite period of time. Who was to pay for their support after the grant period?<br />
<br />
2) the demands of online presentation in light of technical infrastucture's limited lifespan in a rapidly changing technical environment. It became clear rather early in this period that computers used to serve websites must be replaced every three or four years in order to provide acceptable levels of online availability. Also, software companies continued to push new versions of software (and eventually stopped supporting old versions), and produced new products very quickly, leading to rapid obsolescence of software arrangements.<br />
<br />
3) the widespread assumption among practitioners (including myself) that digital materials were in fact more durable, and hence less subject to loss than analog materials. This turned out to be false, as research has often shown that for reasons including those listed above, digital materials are very likely to be lost in the absence of detailed preservation policies and sustained attention to their curation. Thus the support of digital projects included much more than paying for their ongoing online availability. It also included organizing, maintaining, and securing the archive of digitized or born-digital materials that the project had created. The fact that practitioners responsible for the creation of digital projects often did not realize this considerable risk of loss exposed their materials to additional risk. <br />
<br />
Our research will show how many of these online resources are still available online today; what technical platform (hardware and software) they employ, as well as the institutional arrangements behind this platform (i.e. is the project still presented online by the institution that received the original grant? if so, what part of the institution has assumed responsibility for it? and, is this the unit of the institution which originally received the grant?); and how many and which of these institutions have discussed and/or implemented a binding plan for their continued preservation and online presentation.<br />
<br />
<br />
In addition, we hope to speak to representatives of the National Endowment for the Humanities to determine what their original expectations for projects' preservation and ongoing availability might have been, and if these expectations evolved or changed over the time period in question.<br />
<br />
In the end, we hope to determine which factors have affected online
availability of early digital humanities projects. At this point we
believe that the dynamics mentioned above will very likely appear in
this list of factors, but only the research itself will tell. <br />
<br />
I'm sure that other research questions will occur to us as we review the data we have collected. We may or may not be able to integrate them into this discrete study.<br />
<br />
We hope to publish the results of the study in approximately eighteen to twenty-four months, perhaps addressing the Library Science and Digital Humanities communities in separate articles that discuss our data and findings from their respective viewpoints. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-30656240337551320712018-02-21T08:56:00.003-08:002018-02-21T08:56:37.691-08:00Another Text-Mining Project: CIA Materials<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This semester I am working with a team of four Northern Illinois University student interns to explore a large collection of text materials brought to us by Dr. Eric Jones of our university's Center for Southeast Asian Studies. The materials consist of the Central Intelligence Agency's President's Daily Briefings for the period 1961-1977, or roughly the period of the United States' military engagement in Vietnam, including the several years leading up to a following the war itself. These materials have been declassified and are available on the CIA's online reading room.<br />
<br />
Two Northern Illinois University graduate students have expressed interest in working with President's Daily Briefing materials from this period in their dissertation research, but are unable to devote the time necessary to read this very large collection of documents without some knowledge of its contents.<br />
<br />
To date, the student team has used a script to download the 5,292 individual daily
briefings, and Optical Character Recognition to convert the documents, available in PDF format, into machine-readable
text.<br />
<br />
Text mining technology will allow the student intern to provide Dr.
Jones and his students with an overview of the materials, including topics
(combinations of words that frequently appear together) therein. <br />
<br />
As the request for this information has come from students of twentieth-century Southeast Asian history and politics, we will especially focus on topics including the names of Southeast Asian nations, cities, geographical features, and public figures. <br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We will also
provide a review of sentiment analysis (scoring their positive or negative
character) of the Daily Briefings and attempt to group them into sets (or
clusters) of like documents, based on the words contained therein. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Upon its completion, this work will provide NIU researchers
with a new data set heretofore unavailable to them: the machine readable text
of the President’s Daily Briefings for the period under consideration. The
University Libraries may choose to make this data set available for future
research via its digital repository. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The work will also provide NIU researchers
with a detailed report of </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A) topics appearing in the collection, showing how
individual topics may become more or less prominent within the larger
collection at different periods in time; </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
B) how the reports expressed positive
or negative sentiments regarding national security concerns; and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
C) and how the
individual briefings relate to each other in terms of words used in common. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The project team will also share the machine-readable text
data set and report of findings with other researchers by submitting it to an
open-access Digital Humanities publication and/or data repository for the
humanities and/or social sciences. </div>
</div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-65136792445433009932017-11-28T06:58:00.001-08:002017-11-28T06:58:01.262-08:00"Bleeding Kansas"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<img alt="Kansas, from The United States Illustrated, 1855 | Mark Twain’s Mississippi |NIU Digital Library
This 1855 illustration depicts an idyllic scene in Kansas, most likely along the Kansas River. In this period Kansas was anything but idyllic, however...." height="546" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/958b4fdc15a9b1a46e0070db03d03f56/tumblr_p033klih131ubfnymo1_1280.jpg" width="800" /><br />
<br />
<br />
"Kansas" - from <i>The United States Illustrated,</i> 1855 | <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Ftwain.lib.niu.edu%2F&t=YTc3ODliMmQyM2NmYTMyOGI2ZWU4MWU4YWMyNzRiZjFiNjMyMDAzNixHVU9YODROWg%3D%3D&b=t%3AeOPdRd1ir0eVdEly2PCWrw&p=https%3A%2F%2Fniudl.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F167943827658%2Fkansas-from-the-united-states-illustrated-1855&m=1">Mark Twain’s Mississippi</a> |<a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.niu.edu%2F&t=OGNkOWUwNGQzMWRkYjUyYThiNDI3YzIzYjU3ZDkzYzc4NzVhZDVhYixHVU9YODROWg%3D%3D&b=t%3AeOPdRd1ir0eVdEly2PCWrw&p=https%3A%2F%2Fniudl.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F167943827658%2Fkansas-from-the-united-states-illustrated-1855&m=1">NIU Digital Library</a><br />
<br />
This
1855 illustration depicts an idyllic scene in Kansas, most likely along
the Kansas River. In this period Kansas was anything but idyllic,
however. Kansas became a territory with the implementation of the
Kansas-Nebraska Act on May 30, 1854. The act, which left occupants of
the Kansas and Nebraska territories seeking statehood to decide if human
slavery would exist in their jurisdiction, set aside the Missouri
Compromise of 1820, by which Congress had sought to maintain a rough
balance between slave and free states in the Union by restricting the
former to territory south of the 36 30′ parallel, excluding Missouri
itself. Pro- and anti-slavery settlers poured into Kansas, many with
the explicit goal of establishing their preferred policy there.
Political controversy ensued. <br />
Pro-slavery settlers dominated
the initial territorial legislature elected on March 30, 1855. This body
would determine if Kansas would enter the Union as a slave or free
state. Opponents of slavery around the Union argued that widespread
voter fraud made the election’s results illegitimate, and the
territorial governor invalidated results in several districts. New
elections gave anti-slavery settlers greater representation, but they
remained in a decided minority.<br />
<br />
The United States Congress
sent a special committee to Kansas, which concluded that the territorial
legislature was an illegally constituted body without authority. The
territorial legislature convened in spite of the finding, rejected the
credentials of those who had won the new elections, and passed laws
paving the way for Kansas to enter the Union as a slave state.
Anti-slavery Kansans rejected this government and formed their own,
which in January, 1856, President Franklin Pierce declared illegal.
Violence broke out between pro- and anti-slavery settlers, resulting in
the shooting death of a free stater near Lawrence in December of 1855.<br />
<br />
Political controversy produced physical violence.
On May 21, 1856, pro-slavery forces stormed Lawrence, destroying a hotel and two newspaper offices, and sacking homes and businesses.
Republican Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts soon delivered a speech on the Senate floor depicting
pro-slavery views and actions as akin to the rape of a virgin. Sumner’s
speech especially singled out the South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler
for criticism. The next day Butler’s cousin, the South Carolina
Congressman Preston Brooks, attacked Sumner
on the Senate floor with a cane, inflicting grave injuries.<br />
<br />
In
Kansas, the anti-slavery activist John Brown led his sons and other
followers to murder five pro-slavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek
on May 24, 1856. On the Fourth of July President Pierce sent U.S. Army
troops to remove the Free State Legislature at Topeka. In August
pro-slavery forces burned the Free State town of Osawatomie, Kansas after driving off defenders led by Brown. The last major outbreak of violence occurred in the Marais des Cygnes massacre of 1858, in which pro-slavery forces killed five Free State men. In all,
approximately 56 people died in “Bleeding Kansas” in the years before the Civil War began.</div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-87032601823477286172017-11-07T11:55:00.000-08:002018-01-18T09:16:30.071-08:00Text Mining at an Institution with Lesser Financial Resources, Revisited<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I am presently moving forward with a research program in text-mining at Northern Illinois University Libraries, but have encountered an unexpected obstacle.<br />
<br />
About a year ago I ordered a copy of ProQuest's American Periodicals data set for local use. Our library subscribes to ProQuest's hosted version of this product, but the product's design/technical infrastructure does not allow text-mining activities and our license for its use prohibits the downloading of anything but the most insignificant amount of materials. When I contacted ProQuest about the matter, they informed me that I would need to pay an additional $1000 for the preparation and delivery of the entire data set (approximately five terabytes) to me. I could then use the data on my local infrastructure.<br />
<br />
For the past two years I have worked with members of my university's Computer Science Department, principally providing graduate students in Data Science with access to relatively large humanities text data sets that I have created myself and questions that they may use to inform text mining activities. Prior to my purchase of the American Periodicals data set, I secured an agreement with that department whereby they would host the materials on their high-capacity computing cluster and make them available for ongoing Data Science research. I would take delivery of the materials from ProQuest, then transfer them to the cluster for processing and future use. <br />
<br />
I still do not have the data. The first six months or so of delays were the result of my Library's mistake in attempting to charge the expense for the materials to the wrong account. Once we resolved that, I struggled to get ProQuest to review my university legal department's proposed (unremarkable) revisions to the contract for several months. Upon resolving that, I was able to forward payment to ProQuest in August, and looked forward to the delivery of the materials.<br />
<br />
At this point I learned that ProQuest expected to deliver the full data set to a server of my choosing via the Internet. Since my library does not have 5 TB of extra capacity readily available, I asked for the data to be delivered on a hard drive or hard drives. ProQuest agreed.<br />
<br />
A month passed, and I heard nothing from ProQuest. My contact with the company asked me to bear with him as he had staff members absent from the office while on holiday. Another month passed, and after another inquiry I learned that the company reserves the right to deliver the materials on hard drive any time within a period of six months after payment. I see no mention of this reservation in my contract with the company.<br />
<br />
It seems likely to me that ProQuest is accustomed to working with institutions large enough, and possessed of enough material resources, to take delivery of such a large data set in this manner quite easily. My institution does not fit that description. After a period of two years without any state support, we recently began to receive payments from the State of Illinois again. Needless to say, our digital infrastructure is far from robust. <br />
<br />
If I had known that the delivery of this data by hard drive would prove to be such a difficult matter, I would have made the necessary arrangements with my university's Department of Computer Science to have the data delivered directly to their cluster via the Internet. As this is an inter-divisional matter within the university, it will take some time. I initially intended to take delivery of the American Periodicals materials as quickly as possible, leaving time to work out these arrangements. <br />
<br />
But, alas, ProQuest's representatives raised no caveats about hard-drive delivery until I actually started to inquire about the whereabouts of the materials my university had purchased.<br />
<br />
Thus my warning: if you are attempting to do text mining research at an institution that doesn't have five terabytes of storage immediately at hand, and want to work with ProQuest data, be aware that they will take up to six months to deliver your data. </div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-31739859457938058102017-10-27T07:35:00.000-07:002017-10-27T07:35:00.997-07:00"The City of Cairo Schottish"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="" class="post_media_photo image" data-pin-description="NIU Digital Library" data-pin-url="https://niudl.tumblr.com/post/166847945873/the-city-of-cairo-schottish-mark-twains" height="725" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/20eadf0c1f6e747bcade6b357b4a33c0/tumblr_oyhkccUkBj1ubfnymo1_540.jpg" style="height: 725px; width: 540px;" width="540" /><br />
This is the cover page of a piece of mid-nineteenth century sheet
music entitled “The City of Cairo Schottish.” The City of Cairo was a
steamboat, depicted in the illustration at the foot of the page. A
schottish is a form of music popular in the nineteenth century, which
musicologists identify as a country dance originating in central Europe.<br />
<br />
In a time before phonographs or other forms of recorded
music became widely available to the public, Americans typically
experienced music by live performance and/or participation. Sheet music
like this was widely distributed and allowed individual musicians to
keep up with the latest musical trends. According to the <i>Oxford Companion to Music</i>,
the schottish (or schottische) became popular in the England in 1878
with the publication of Tom Turner’s “Dancing in the Barn Schottisch,“
and Americans tended to favor a variety of the form identified as a
“military schottische.”<br />
<br />
Mark Twain mentions this form of
music and dance in one of his letters to his brother Orion, and
indicates the extent to which Americans of the mid-nineteenth century
made use of sheet music, performed music in their own homes, and often
danced to it. <br />
<br />
“Ma was delighted with her trip, but she was disgusted with the girlsfor
allowing me to embrace and kiss them–and she was horrified at the
Schottische as performed by Miss Castle and me. She was perfectly
willing for me to dance until 12 o'clock at the imminent peril of my
going to sleep on the after watch–but then she would top off with a very
inconsistent sermon on dancing in general; ending with a terrific
broadside aimed at the heresy of heresies, the Schottische.”<br />
<br />
- Letter to Orion Clemens, 18 March 1861
</div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-30537144448127582692017-10-26T07:50:00.000-07:002017-10-26T07:50:22.770-07:00Map - Early Settlement of Illinois<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img alt="Map of Illinois, 1818 | Lincoln/Net | NIU Digital Library
This map, provided by the Chicago History Museum, depicts Illinois at the time that it became the twenty-first state. In 1809 the area that became the state of Illinois was organized as the..." height="640" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/028f20e9ffb720faf0a17e0b7ef4074e/tumblr_oyfpp5aALy1ubfnymo1_1280.jpg" width="481" /><br />
<br />
<br />
This map, provided by the Chicago History Museum, depicts Illinois at
the time that it became the twenty-first state. In 1809 the area that
became the state of Illinois was organized as the Illinois territory,
with its capital at Kaskaskia. That city is visible on this map on
Illinois’ southwestern border, across the Mississippi River from St.
Genevieve, Missouri. Kaskaskia remained the capital of Illinois for a
year, until the government removed to Vandalia, some 120 miles to the
northeast. Vandalia was a very small town, not even represented on the
above map, but Kaskaskia had proved unsuitable as a seat of government
due to the Mississippi’s persistent threat of flooding. Vandalia also
promised a more central location for a state eager to grow toward the
north and east. As the map shows, much of what is now the most
heavily-populated part of the state of Illinois had not even been
divided into quarter sections, much less counties, at the time of
statehood. <br />
<br />
The Illinois country was not settled by parties
moving across the land from east to west. In a time of very few roads,
this would have been an extremely difficult task. Instead, immigrants
came to Illinois by way of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, moving
largely from south to north. The parts of this map depicted as settled,
organized territory were, and are, largely inhabited by people who came
to Illinois from Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. The wedge of land
making up Illinois’ westernmost parts was also settled by way of river
travel, but it was unique in that it had been set aside by Congress for
settlement by veterans of the War of 1812. Note that it is identified on
the map as “Military Bounty Land.”<br />
<br />
Settlers did not come to
northern, central and eastern Illinois in large numbers until the
completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 made that land more accessible by
way of the Great Lakes and Chicago. Today those portions of the state
retain a significant population descended from immigrants who came to
the state from New England and the middle states, like New York and
Pennsylvania.</div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-33958345700002451262017-09-14T13:28:00.000-07:002017-09-14T13:28:07.680-07:00Text-Mining Project<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This fall I am working with Pradeep Maddipatla, a graduate student in Computer Science at Northern Illinois University, on a text mining project involving my field of historical research - nineteenth century American economic and social policymaking, namely the protective tariff. Our project will use topic modeling to explore how American legislators discussed this policy, but we also hope to shed light on the broader question of how they characterized state involvement in the economy and society, in positive and negative terms. <br />
<br />
This work uses a database of text materials drawn from the <i>Congressional Record</i>, 1876-1896, which was organized and made ready for text mining activities by Adam Frieberg, a graduate student in Geography at Northern Illinois University who is also employed full-time as a programmer/developer.<br />
<br />
Pradeep Mattipatla is assisted in this work by Professor Hamed Alhoori of Northern Illinois University's Department of Computer Science. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
We are working with the following proposal:<br />
<br />
<br />
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“Topic
Modeling Tariff Debates in the United States Congress, 1876-1896”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Drew
VandeCreek, Northern Illinois University Libraries</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Adam
Frieberg, Northern Illinois University Department of Geography</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Pradeep
Maddipatla, Northern Illinois University Department of Computer Science</div>
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<br /></div>
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This project will employ
text-mining technology to explore the arguments that members of the United
States Congress used to support and promote legislation setting tariffs in the
period 1876-1896. Historians and political scientists have identified tariffs,
which set a fee or tax to be paid on imported goods, as a significant political
issue in the nineteenth-century United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One has called it “the most important economic policy of the
nineteenth-century federal government” and, save slavery, the most
consequential matter facing the American state in the nineteenth century
overall.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Questions of tariff policy often captured Americans’ ambitions and anxieties about
the nation’s future course of economic and political development. They also
provided an opportunity to discuss about the federal government’s proper role
in society. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The United States Congress
considered major tariff bills on many occasions in the nineteenth century, but
the issue took a central place in American political discourse after the Civil
War. The Union’s need for revenue (and Southern legislators’ absence from
Congress) led Lincoln and congressional Republicans to make the high tariff law
during the conflict. Postwar Republicans took an increasingly assertive
protectionist stance, and successfully resisted Democrats’ corresponding
attempts to reduce tariffs. In this context the policy became a virtual litmus
test of party identification. Republicans repulsed reformers’ attempts to cut
tariffs in the mid-1880s, and pushed still higher duties through Congress in
1890 and, after a modest setback in 1894, again in 1897.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Although the tariff played a
prominent role in the late nineteenth century’s electoral politics, scholars
have paid relatively scant attention to protectionists’ and their opponents’
arguments. Of those considering the matter, the political scientist Judith
Goldstein has asserted that postwar tariff proponents relied on what scholars
have called Free Labor appeals, which maintained that tariff-protected
industrial workers’ high wages allowed them to save the money necessary to open
their own businesses, thus achieving social mobility, or what Abraham Lincoln
called the “right to rise.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
A leading intellectual historian has suggested that this argument became
discredited and was abandoned in this period, however.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
The political scientist John Gerring has emphasized Republicans’ other appeals
to labor, as well as neo-mercantilism and statism, in defense of the policy,
providing brief lists of words associated with each argument.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Scholars analyzing tariff reformers’ attacks on the policy have mentioned their
description of it as a federal grant of special privilege to manufacturers at
the expense of other members of the national community, especially in the
postwar period’s context of industrial consolidation and increasingly public
political corruption. Some nineteenth-century tariff critics also attacked the
measure as undermining individual responsibility and encouraging workers to
expect something for nothing.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
These interpretations of tariff
debates are built on a limited evidentiary base. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Congressional Record</i>’s verbatim account of remarks on the floor of
Congress begins in 1873. It consists of well over two million individual
speeches or other utterances, totaling over 2.5 million sentences. Any scholar
trained in the traditional analysis of political texts (i.e., reading them her
or himself) would be hard-pressed to review, much less consider and evaluate,
this mass of data in the period of time traditionally devoted to a dissertation
or book project. In this light, scholars’ analyses of arguments and debates
over the protective tariff have focused on assorted individual works of tariff
boosters and opponents, including speeches in Congress and works of journalism,
as well as early works of economics and the period’s broader discourse of
social science. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Congressional Record</i> is today available as a database of digital full-text
materials, and scholars of literature and humanities computing
programmer/developers have in recent years developed a methodology that can
provide a new perspective on it. Using an approach that has proved useful in
the analysis of a broad range of other very large data sets, they have turned
computing power and algorithms to the examination of digital text collections,
comprised of many thousands of titles, that have recently become available from
a number of sources. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where traditional
practitioners devoted to the close reading of a limited number of selected
texts have focused on specific, particular uses of language and shades of
meaning to produce detailed, highly nuanced accounts and interpretations of the
texts’ arguments, advocates of what Franco Moretti has called “distant reading”
and Matthew Jockers “macroanalysis” seek to discover, visualize and explore
quantifiable evidence of significant patterns within these much larger
collections.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jockers has emphasized that the analysis of literary work at scale allows
researchers to move their studies beyond a focus on the very few works that
critics and scholars have acclaimed as classic or otherwise outstanding
examples of literary craft to include a larger cross-section of materials, “an
aggregated ecosystem or `economy’ of texts.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
He goes on to conclude that computational work often supports what many
perceive to be common knowledge about literary works, yet provides evidence for
it, as opposed to casual observations.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
He emphasizes the prospect of using close and distant reading together, exploring
the relationships between specific expressions of belief or creativity and the
larger context in which individual authors situate their arguments or stories.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Intellectual historians have long
turned their attention to the close reading of specific texts, often focusing
especially on individuals and works for which they can demonstrate subsequent
influence. Political historians and political scientists have consistently
studied beliefs and ideologies as important aspects of the history of electoral
activity and governance, with an equal emphasis on tracing their genealogy and
influence. The proposed project will use text-mining technology to build on
these disciplines’ traditional practice in several ways.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The project will build on and use
of a set of applications and scripts developed in R by Adam Frieberg, as
follows. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Congressional
Record</i> text materials prepared by ProQuest are stored in a relational
database with an internal index system, built on Microsoft SQL Server Express
with Advanced Services. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The R code is
written in modules that have already structured much of the data.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Module: Ingester – R scripts have done pattern matching
using regular expressions to recursively search the directory of files to find
all .xml files in the ProQuest data source that match peer full text PDF
files.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From what we can tell, the
ProQuest XML files contain the full text of the PDFs that were generated via
OCR (Optical Character Recognition).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
R code then built an index of the files by date and focused on the entire
Congressional Record from 1876 to 1896.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These two decades were chosenbecause of the “full text”/verbatim nature
of the printed Congressional Record at the time, as well as their being the
zenith of tariff debates in the late nineteenth century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The R code combed each speech and identified speakers
as well as the content of their speeches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This identification relied on the reliability of speeches always
starting with the string: “Mr. “.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Candidates for speeches were then filtered to exclude the sections that
began with procedural words (examples: “presented”, “introduced”, “submitted”,
“a bill”, “petition”, “by unanimous”).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
separated speeches were stored in a database table called Speeches1876to1896
and indexed both by their date, the names of the speakers, as well as the full
text of the speeches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were also run
as a single-threaded process in order for their data storage to preserve and
resemble their order within the Congressional Record.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Module: Sentiment Analyzer – R scripts produced a more
granular resolution that separated every speech by sentence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sentences were split by using the
standard period (“.”) character.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
sentences were quality controlled by filtering out abbreviations and other
places with OCR errors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The exclusionary
rules included filtering out any sentences that began with numeric characters
(H.R. 234 was the typical designation for “House Resolution 234”).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also excluded sentences beginning with the
standard Congressional Record headers (“CONGRESSIONAL RECORD – SENATE” and
“Also, a bill”).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sentences were then
filtered to only the sentences longer than 10 characters in length.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was a subjective way to ensure it would
retain sentences such as “Mr. COGHLAN: I concur” but not include shorter
utterances such as “Mr. Smith: Aye”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
R script then used an external 3rd-party API (Microsoft’s Cognitive Services
API) to generate sentiment analysis scores for every sentence surviving those
filters in the 20 years of the Congressional Record.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those sentences are stored in the
SpeechFragments20Yr database table and the sentiment analysis scores are stored
in the SpeechFragments20YrSentimentAnalysis table. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Module: Index Database Views - The combination of the three
prior-mentioned database tables yields a corpus of text that is indexed by
speaker, time, and sentiment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of
the over two million individual speeches reflected in the speech indexes are
clearly portions of back-and-forth utterances. This module provides a way to
diagnose these speeches. The views link individual fragments of speech with
parent speech objects that are then identifiable by speaker. Records have ID
fields to keep them in the sequence they appeared within the print version of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Congressional Record</i>, moving
forward in time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Module: Topic Modeler – Pradeep will investigate modern
topic modeling approaches, including Mallet and Gensim. He will consult with
Dr. VandeCreek and provide sample output. Together, they will select the
approach to be used in the final analysis. The goals of this topic modeling are
1) inform Dr. VandeCreek’s navigation of the full corpus in further research;
2) identify prominent topics as they may correspond to existing historical and
Political Science scholarship’s description of pro- and anti-tariff arguments
in this period; 3) determine if the prominence of specific topics changes over
time; 4) use visualization applications to illustrate these changes for an
audience unfamiliar with data science. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Using
the above techniques, the project will first address the challenge of identifying
which of the available congressional text materials discussed tariff
legislation, and whether each supported or opposed a tariff bill, by using
basic word search functionality, text classification, sentiment analysis, and a
freely available API providing information about members of Congress and their
voting histories. A machine-generated review of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Congressional Record</i> for the period under consideration has identified
a specific set of speeches, inserted documents and other utterances including
the word “tariff” and/or several synonymous or related terms, including
“duty/duties,” “impost(s),” “levy,” and “excise,” as well as the words
“protection” and “protective,” which scholarship in History and Political
Science shows were widely used to describe the policy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Project participants will next move to create
two sets of documents: those supporting the tariff and those opposing it. In
the first case, Dr. VandeCreek will assemble training sets of speeches and
other documents known to express pro- and anti-tariff arguments, and then ask
text mining software (which?) to compare the words and patterns of words in
each to those found in a set of unclassified works. This will produce a result
in which the software predicts the likelihood that each unclassified document
argues for or against the tariff. In the second case, the use of Microsoft
Azure’s sentiment analysis application will measure the degree to which
speeches discussing the tariff express positive or negative sentiment, with the
working hypothesis that pro-tariff speeches will express more positive sentiment
and anti-tariff speeches more negative sentiment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Project participants will check these results
against each other and make use of the ProPublica Congress API (<a href="https://projects.propublica.org/api-docs/congress-api/">https://projects.propublica.org/api-docs/congress-api/</a>)
to ascertain how the member of Congress responsible for a given speech,
utterance or other text voted on the legislation that it addressed. Dr.
VandeCreek will also make close readings of a number of randomly selected texts
in the sets produced by the above means in order to determine if they have produced
sufficiently accurate collections of pro- and anti-tariff text. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Having
produced a set of pro- and anti-tariff documents, project staff members will
next use the topic modeling software Mallet (<a href="http://mallet.cs.umass.edu/topics.php">http://mallet.cs.umass.edu/topics.php</a>)
and/or Gensim (<a href="https://radimrehurek.com/gensim/">https://radimrehurek.com/gensim/</a>)
to examine the sets of words that tariff proponents and opponents used to
praise or condemn the policy in the period 1876-1896. Project staff members
will identify individual pieces of tariff legislation that came to the floor of
Congress for debate in this period, and separate those texts identified as
discussing the tariff into sub-sets of materials specifically pertaining to
each bill (for example, The Tariff of 1883, also known as the Mongrel Tariff
due to its tepid reforms; the Mills Bill of 1888, which unsuccessfully proposed
lower tariffs; and the McKinley Tariff of 1890, which produced dramatically
increased tariffs). This will produce a division of materials reflecting the
progress of tariff debates over time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Project participants will construct
several topic models for pro- and anti-tariff speeches for each bill, and
analyze if and, if appropriate, how members of Congress’ arguments for and
against the policy changed over time. Using visualization software, they will
present this data for review by historians and other interested parties who are
likely to be unfamiliar with topic modeling or other text mining technologies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
More specific research questions to be explored may include:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What topics most characterized pro- and anti-tariff
arguments in the period 1876-1896? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Did these topics or arguments change over time? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of the topics produced from a review of pro-tariff texts, do
any reflect the influence of what Goldstein describes as the Free Labor appeal?
If so, how many? Does their prominence change over time?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of the topics produced from a review of pro-tariff texts, do
any reflect the influence of what Gerring describes as the labor,
neo-mercantilist and statist appeals? If so, how many? Does their prominence
change over time?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of the topics produced from a review of anti-tariff texts,
do any include references to special privilege? To political corruption? To the
undermining of individual responsibility and self-reliance? If so, how many?
Does their prominence change over time?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
These results will provide an
opportunity to explore how postwar members of Congress discussed the prospect
of a federal activity directing the course of economic and social change in the
United States as it related to a policy that historians and political
scientists have identified as among the century’s most significant. Project
participants will present data addressing the above questions in a series of conference
presentations, publications and/or reports to an audience of historians,
political scientists and digital humanities scholars. They will use visualization
software to present findings and illustrate interpretive discussion, especially
in work directed toward the first two groups, members of which are likely to be
unfamiliar with topic modeling or other text mining technologies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
J. J. Pincus “Tariffs” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopedia of
American Economic History</i> (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1980) 439;
“Tariff Policies” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopedia of
American Political History</i> (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1984) 1259. Other
works emphasizing the tariff’s importance in nineteenth-century American
politics include Charles and Mary Beard <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Rise of American Civilization</i> (New York: Macmillan) 1927; H. Wayne Morgan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">From Hayes to McKinley</i> (Syracuse:
Syracuse University Press, 1969); Lewis Gould “The Republican Search for a
National Majority” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Gilded Age: A
Reappraisal </i>H. Wayne Morgan, ed., (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press,
1970); Morton Keller <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regulating a New
Economy: Public Policy and Economic Change in America, 1900-1933</i>
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); Richard F. Bensel <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central
State Authority in America, 1859-1877</i> (New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1990) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Political Economy of
American Industrialization, 1877-1900</i> (New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2000); Judith Goldstein <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ideas,
Interests and American Trade Policy</i> (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,
1993); Joanne Reitano <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tariff
Question: The Great Debate of 1888</i> (University Park, PA: Penn State University
Press, 1994); John Gerring “Party Ideology in America: The National Republican
Chapter, 1828-1924” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Studies in American
Political Development</i>, 11 (Spring, 1997) 44-108; Rebecca Edwards <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Angels in the Machinery: Gender in American
Party Politics from the Civil War to the Progressive Era</i> (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1997); Morton Keller “Trade Policy in Historical Perspective”
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Taking Stock: American Government in
the Twentieth Century</i>, Morton Keller and R. Shep Melnick, eds. (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1999); Charles W. Calhoun “James G. Blaine and the
Republican Party Vision” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Human
Tradition in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i>, Ballard Campbell, ed.,
(Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2000). </div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Authors emphasizing the Free
Labor argument for the tariff include Goldstein <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ideas, Interests and American Trade Policy</i>; George B. Mangold, “The
Labor Argument in the American Protective Tariff Discussion.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin</i>,
no. 246 (1906): passim; Frank Taussig, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Tariff History of the United States</i>, 8<sup>th</sup> ed. (New York, 1931),
65–6; Eric Foner, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Free Soil, Free Labor,
Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War</i> (New
York, 1970), 20–1; Dorothy Ross, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Origins
of American Social Science</i> (New York, 1990), 47–8; Michael Holt, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party</i>
(New York, 1999), 69–70, 952 (quotation at 69); Gabor Borritt, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lincoln and the Economics of the American
Dream</i> (Memphis, 1978), 99, 113, 139. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Dorothy Ross states
that Free Labor ideology quickly faded from use after the Civil War in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Origins of American Social Science</i>,
48.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Gerring, "Party Ideology in America: The National Republican Chapter" </div>
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<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Keller “Trade Policy in Historical Perspective” 19. </div>
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<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Matthew Jockers <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macroanalysis: Digital
Methods and Literary History</i> (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013)
20; Franco Moretti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Distant Reading</i>
(London: Verso, 2013).</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jockers <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macroanalysis</i>, 32.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7682566846236114217#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jockers <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macroanalysis,</i> 30. </div>
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Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-89326060942742246332017-09-14T11:31:00.000-07:002017-09-14T11:31:45.483-07:00Phrenological View of Black Hawk <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="Phrenological Bust of Black Hawk, 1838 | Lincoln/Net | NIU Digital Library
This page from the American Phrenological Journal purports to discuss personality traits of the Sac and Fox Chief Black Hawk, who led his nation in the Black Hawk War of 1832...." height="640" src="https://68.media.tumblr.com/6a8a4ec74f5946bdc56ca2328c3ee379/tumblr_owa8i4r6K21ubfnymo1_1280.jpg" width="416" /></div>
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<br />
Phrenological View of Black Hawk, 1838<br />
<br />
(http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-lincoln%3A32006 ) <br />
<br />
<br />
This page from the <i>American Phrenological Journal </i>purports to
discuss personality traits of the Sac and Fox Chief Black Hawk, who led
his nation in the Black Hawk War of 1832. Many Americans of the time
considered phrenology, which arrived at conclusions based on the
measurements of the human head, to be a science. Phrenology’s founder,
the German physician Franz Joseph Gall, suggested that individual brain
functions took place in specific physical locations within the brain. He
mixed this observation with his period’s emphasis on “faculty
psychology,” which viewed the mind as a set of separate elements related
to discrete personal characteristics. In the text accompanying the
above illustration we can see the author naming some of these
characteristics as “secretiveness,” “combativeness,” cautiousness,” and
“ideality,” as well as “intellect” and feeling.”<br />
<br />
Gall’s emphasis
on individual mental functions’ location in specific parts of the brain
remains a proposition not without scientific, medical foundation, but,
as the above item shows, his followers often took it to a level of
specificity that far exceeded the modest data - skull measurements - to
which they had access. </div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-13317110235257366852017-09-11T07:38:00.006-07:002017-09-11T07:38:58.452-07:00"A Study in Hats": William Jennings Bryan and the Presidential Campaign of 1896<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.niu.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fniu-gildedage%253A21480%2Fdatastream%2FJPG%2Fdownload&t=ZDk0Y2ZjZTA5M2VkM2JhM2E1YjEyOTQ2ZjY2YzM1NmVhNmI4ODA0MCw0UWt6c29NWQ%3D%3D&b=t%3AeOPdRd1ir0eVdEly2PCWrw&p=https%3A%2F%2Fniudl.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F165225055163%2Fa-study-in-hats-william-jennings-bryan-campaign&m=1">“A Study in Hats: William Jennings Bryan Campaign Event, 1896″</a> | <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fgildedage.lib.niu.edu%2F&t=NjBkYmYzYmE0YmUzMTQ3MGZkZTJjMDllZWY0Mjg5Y2ViZWNhNjNlOCw0UWt6c29NWQ%3D%3D&b=t%3AeOPdRd1ir0eVdEly2PCWrw&p=https%3A%2F%2Fniudl.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F165225055163%2Fa-study-in-hats-william-jennings-bryan-campaign&m=1">Illinois During the Gilded Age</a> | <a href="https://niudl.tumblr.com/">NIU Digital Library</a><br />
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While
his Republican competitor William McKinley conducted a studied “front
porch campaign” bringing hand-picked groups of supporters to his Canton,
Ohio residence, the 1896 Democratic and Populist presidential nominee
William Jennings Bryan set out on a grueling speaking tour. This
photograph depicts Bryan (standing at center of platform) at an unknown
event on that tour. A powerful orator, Bryan emphasized the inflation of
the national currency, principally by the monetization of silver, in
his campaign. Many Americans in debt believed that this policy would
benefit them because it would make the currency in which they paid what
they owed less valuable than the currency they had borrowed. Many
creditors supported a currency backed by gold, which they believed stood
to retain its value, for the same reason. McKinley defeated Bryan in
1896 by a margin of 271 electoral votes to 176. The Republican found his
greatest support in the northeast and Great Lake States, while Bryan
swept the South and West, with the exception of Oregon and California.
Historians have often characterized the election of 1896 as one of the
most pivotal in American history. McKinley’s assassination in 1901 made
Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt his successor, and the Republican
Party did not cede the presidency until Woodrow Wilson’s victory in
1912.<br />
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Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-54168990769449163392017-06-20T07:14:00.002-07:002017-06-20T07:14:39.735-07:00The Battle of Monterrey and the Mexican-American War<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
The Battle of Monterrey, an encounter in the Mexican-American War,
took place September 21-24, 1846. Approximately 6.500 United States
troops under the command of Gen. Zachary Taylor attacked the fortified
city, which was defended by 10,000 Mexican soldiers led by General Pedro
de
Ampudia. Taylor approached the city from the east, and sent another
contingent on flanking movement to the southwest to block the Mexican
troops’ escape route. Pinned in, Ampudia on the evening of
the 22nd directed his troops to take up defensive positions
within the city of Monterrey. On the 23rd the two armies engaged in
house-to-house combat there. As the U.S. troops prepared for a new
assault on the next morning, Ampudia moved to surrender, and Taylor
allowed him and his troops to leave the city.<br />
<br />
The United States’ armed conflict with Mexico largely emerged from
Americans’ eagerness to expand their nation westward to the Pacific
Ocean. As American trappers and settlers poured across the Great Plains,
many began to resent the fact that lands to the south and west of the
Louisiana Purchase tract remained territories of Mexico, which had freed
itself from Spanish colonial control in 1821. Americans’ persistent
attempts to settle these lands led to conflict with the Mexican
government and, eventually, war. <br />
<br />
The Mexican Republic had welcomed Americans to settle in their
northern territory of Texas in the 1820s, but after a decade it became
plain that the Americans disliked Mexican rule. In 1835 the American
settlers revolted against Mexico and, in the following year, established
their own Republic of Texas. Many Americans immediately began to demand
that their nation make Texas a part of the United States. The Mexican
government warned that this would mean war.<br />
<br />
In 1844 Americans elected James K. Polk as the nation’s new president.
Polk had campaigned on the issue of national expansion, calling for the
annexation of Texas, Mexican California, and the Oregon Territory that
the United States and Great Britain had occupied jointly since 1818.
Just before leaving office in early 1845 President John Tyler, a
Virginian seeking to provide a new area into which slavery might expand,
secured a joint resolution from Congress annexing Texas to the United
States. Mexico responded by breaking off diplomatic relations.<br />
<br />
Upon taking office President Polk immediately turned to the
acquisition of Mexico’s northern territories. He first instructed his
minister to Mexico to negotiate for the purchase of the territories, but
this proposal sparked a wave of indignation and nationalist fervor in
Mexico, and the minister left Mexico after only a few months.<br />
<br />
Angry that Mexico had rebuffed his offer, Polk sent U.S. troops under
the command of General Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande River in
January of 1846. Mexican officials believed that the Texas-Mexico
frontier stood one hundred miles to the north, at the Nueces River, and
interpreted Polk’s move as a deliberate provocation. Mexican troops
quickly arrived at the Rio Grande as well, and skirmishes broke out
between the two forces. Polk leaped to argue that “Mexico… has invaded
our territory and shed American blood upon American soil.” Congress
quickly provided him with a declaration of war.<br />
<br />
In 1845 an American editor wrote that the American annexation of
Texas represented the “fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread
the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our
yearly multiplying millions.” By 1846 newspapers across the country had
appropriated the term “manifest destiny” in their attempts to show that
God intended the American nation to stretch from Atlantic to Pacific.<br />
<br />
The
United States’ decisive victory in the Mexican War added some
500,000 square miles of new territory to the nation. These lands
included Texas, as
well as the Mexican territories of New Mexico and Upper California.
Eventually they would become the American states of California, Arizona,
and New Mexico, and comprise significant parts of Utah, Colorado,
Nevada, and Wyoming.
Their acquisition intensified debate over the question of slavery’s
future in the West: would slaveholders be able to take slave property
into the acquired territories and establish a slave economy there? Would
the new states that emerged from the territory won from Mexico be slave
or free? </div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-64287089120176952162017-06-16T11:08:00.000-07:002017-06-16T11:09:35.110-07:00James B. Weaver and Populism <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
James B. Weaver (
June 12, 1833–February 6, 1912)
was the People’s (or Populist) Party candidate for President of the
United States in 1892. He was born in Dayton, Ohio and lived in Michigan
as a child before his family settled near Bloomfield, Iowa in 1833.
Practicing law, he took an early interest in politics, and attended the
1860 Republican National Convention that nominated Abraham Lincoln. He
served as an officer in the Civil War. Unsuccessful in Iowa politics and
unhappy with the Republican Party’s stance on issues of concern to Iowa
farmers, Weaver joined the new Greenback Party in 1877. In the
following year he won election to Congress. In 1880 he became the
party’s presidential nominee and won over 300,000 votes - about 3.3% of
those cast.<br />
<br />
When the Greenback Party dissolved Weaver joined the
Populist Party, an organization that took up the Greenbackers’ call for
in increased money supply, and added a broader agenda emphasizing
agrarian reform. In 1892 Weaver won the Populists’ presidential nomination, campaigning
on a platform that
called for unlimited coinage of silver, an income tax, an eight-hour
work day, and government
ownership of railroads. He campaigned nationwide, accompanied by his
wife Clara, and often the Kansan Mary Elizabeth Lease. He gained over
one million votes - 8.5 percent of the total. He won the states of
Kansas, Colorado, Nevada and Idaho outright, and also collected
delegates in North Dakota and Oregon. In 1896 the Populists merged with
the Democratic Party and nominated William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska
for the presidency. Weaver supported Bryan. In a campaign that revisited
many of the issues considered in 1892, the Republican William McKinley
won election by a decisive margin.<br />
<br />
This image is available on the <a href="http://gildedage.lib.niu.edu/">Illinois During the Gilded Age </a>web site and the <a href="http://digital.lib.niu.edu/">NIU Digital Library</a>. <br />
<br />
See <a href="http://gildedage.lib.niu.edu/populism">American Populism, 1876-1896 </a>for a fuller discussion of the Populist movement and its politics. </div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-27476498279444639582017-06-15T08:32:00.000-07:002017-06-15T08:32:36.629-07:00Mary Elizabeth Lease - He Shall Be Rescued from Such a Fate<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
Created by B.M. Justice, this illustration from Mary E. Lease’s <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fgildedage.lib.niu.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fniu-gildedage%253A24027&t=NmJiMTZmMDY0NDkxYmY5YjAzMTQwOGIzNDZiNjg1NmQ1YzJkOTFkNixQcTNEc1ZPZA%3D%3D&b=t%3AeOPdRd1ir0eVdEly2PCWrw&p=https%3A%2F%2Fniudl.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F161853242908%2Fhe-shall-be-rescued-from-such-a-fate-1895&m=1">The Problem of Civilization Solved</a>
paints a grim picture of life in the Gilded-Age United States. It shows
a single individual besieged by attacking dogs (or wolves) and a bird
of prey. Lease was a vocal advocate of the Populist Party and critic of
the period’s vogue of Social Darwinism and laissez-faire individualism, a
sentiment that the above illustration captures vividly. Yet she was not
an advocate of government provision of social welfare payments or
benefits, which she derided as “class legislation.” Rather, she
advocated a government program removing “the deserving poor,
the honest men and women who are willing to work but to whom work has
been denied,” from large cities and settling them in the countryside.
“They
can be rescued from their poverty,” she concluded.
(373)<br />
<br />
She wrote: “Obese satiety elbows starvation it every turn along our streets. The
tide of pauperism is steadily rising and we are rapidly approaching the
condition of Europe in the last century. Class legislation has done much
to swell the list of America’s paupers, but Europe’s system of dumping
its pauperized class upon our shores has done more. An ever-increasing
swarm of dependents are with us. The cause can be traced to class
legislation and militarism. The one the curse of our free institutions
and the other the bane of European civilization. The remedy lies, not in
doling out alms to humanity until the recipients of charity become
chronic beggars, but in first removing the cause of extreme poverty by
giving every toiler access to the soil, making the ballot the key to
unlock the garner where his birthright lies.” (5)<br />
<br />
Lease attacked laissez-faire economics from a humanitarian
perspective, and linked it to the Populist agenda: “Then let all who
love mankind more than millionaires unite for the
common welfare. We will introduce the initiative and referendum,
nationalize our railroads and labor saving machinery, issue paper money
redeemable by taxation and remonetize silver.” (374) Yet she ultimately
addressed the issue of urban poverty from the point of view of utility,
efficiency and administration, and even raised the issue of eugenic
measures: “Love and goodness, backed by the strong force of the state, must go
down into the dens where the human wild beasts of society hide from the
light of day, and empowered by that wise legislation that removes the
leper or prevents the smallpox patient from contaminating his fellow
beings remove the social Huns of the cities to lands set aside and
purchased by the government for their use, subjecting them to such
medical inspection and treatment as will check the reckless propagation
of criminals and devitalized humanity. The pauperized class should be
given an opportunity to work out their own fortunes under favoring
conditions. Our first care should be to send them out under supervision
of agents who could supervise large plantations, the tillage of which
could be overseen and made profitable for them; having all their work
planned for them by the agent, they would in time learn thrift and
business capacity. Eventually they would become proprietors, reaping the
incentive of all
labor, just remuneration. The purchase of lands, medical inspection and
government agencies would cost the state less than the never-ending
expense now entailed for inadequate police protection arid the erection
and equipment of buildings that are constantly over-filled by a
constantly increased army of criminals.
Stem the current of corrupt humanity by removing the fount from which
it flows, make the vicious and idle dependent upon their own efforts
with the incentive of compensation, all the compensation that life holds
if they succeed and the alternative of annihilation if they fail to put
forth honest effort when the helping hand is extended, for while God
was severe in his denunciations of those who oppress the laborer he was
none the less severe in his denunciation of the idler. `If a man shall
not work neither shall he eat.’“ (371-2)<br />
<br />
Lease provided a fascinating
vision of a powerful, administrative state in America, yet it was one informed by the
classical liberal tradition that she sought to critique.<br />
<br />
All quotations are from Mary Elizabeth Lease <i>The Problem of Civilization Solved</i> (Chicago: Laird and Lee, 1895)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<section class="inline-meta post-extra has-tags">
<a class="meta-item tag-link" href="https://niudl.tumblr.com/tagged/Illinois-During-the-Gilded-Age">Illinois During the Gilded Age</a>
<a class="meta-item tag-link" href="https://niudl.tumblr.com/tagged/Populist-Party">Populist Party</a>
<a class="meta-item tag-link" href="https://niudl.tumblr.com/tagged/Mary-Elizabeth-Lease">Mary Elizabeth Lease</a>
</section></div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-77198817334600052812017-06-14T08:05:00.005-07:002017-06-14T08:05:59.897-07:00Granger at the Plow, 1873<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Y0f29us_8w0/WUFQkeQ5lOI/AAAAAAAABo0/z2JeKKhhFjUqpagWI_8j4bs03ttgWSSKQCLcBGAs/s1600/Granger%2Bat%2Bthe%2BPlow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="800" height="402" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Y0f29us_8w0/WUFQkeQ5lOI/AAAAAAAABo0/z2JeKKhhFjUqpagWI_8j4bs03ttgWSSKQCLcBGAs/s640/Granger%2Bat%2Bthe%2BPlow.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
This image is an illustration in Stephen Smith’s <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.niu.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fniu-gildedage%253A23791&t=OTBmNTJhN2Q4MmVhMzQ4NjBkM2I0MjA0ZjljNWQ5ODAwMDIzMmU2Myx3VzFRb1F5aA%3D%3D&b=t%3AeOPdRd1ir0eVdEly2PCWrw&p=https%3A%2F%2Fniudl.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F161815499188%2Fgranger-at-the-plow-1873-illinois-during-the&m=1">Grains
for the Grangers, Discussing All Points Bearing Upon the Farmers’
Movement for the Emancipation of White Slaves from the Slave-Power of
Monopoly</a> <i>(</i>Philadelphia: John E. Potter, 1873), a political
tract written in support of the Granger Movement. Oliver H. Kelley of
Minnesota founded the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the
Grange, in 1867. The organization admitted men and women, an unusual
practice in that time, and sought to provide often-isolated farm
families with opportunities for social interaction. It also encouraged
more productive farming through the distribution of scientific
information. The organization grew rapidly beginning in 1873 due to an
economic depression. Many farmers attributed their struggles to the
workings of the railroads, on which they relied to deliver their crops
to market, as well as merchants and other middlemen. Many Grangers
promoted state regulation of railroad shipping rates. Their success led
to a well-known case heard by the United States Supreme Court, <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F1850-1900%2F94us113&t=ODY5NDA5ZWNlZGQ1Y2M5M2YyMWU2MjMwMTQ2ZTg0MzNiYzQwMmUxZCx3VzFRb1F5aA%3D%3D&b=t%3AeOPdRd1ir0eVdEly2PCWrw&p=https%3A%2F%2Fniudl.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F161815499188%2Fgranger-at-the-plow-1873-illinois-during-the&m=1">Munn v. Illinois</a>
(1877), which upheld the State of Illinois’ regulation of rates.
Grangers often experimented with cooperative marketing organizations in
an attempt to circumvent middlemen in the marketplace as well. These
efforts proved ineffective, and many states soon repealed laws
regulating railroad rates. Although the Grange did not prove to be a
wholly successful political movement, it established a precedent for
cooperative organizations in rural America and served as a predecessor
for the Populist Movement of the 1880s and 90s.<br />
<br />
The above information is drawn in part from Thomas Burnell Colbert’s <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fplainshumanities.unl.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fdoc%2Fegp.pd.025&t=MDRkYzBlZDMwMWEyNTMwMjkzZTExYTQyODk5ZjIzZWNiNGE3OTQ3MSx3VzFRb1F5aA%3D%3D&b=t%3AeOPdRd1ir0eVdEly2PCWrw&p=https%3A%2F%2Fniudl.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F161815499188%2Fgranger-at-the-plow-1873-illinois-during-the&m=1">essay</a> on the Grange Movement in the <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fplainshumanities.unl.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2F&t=N2M3ZmRhNGQ1NDc5M2NhMDFhNTIzY2JhMjZhZWY3MjAxMWRhYTdlNix3VzFRb1F5aA%3D%3D&b=t%3AeOPdRd1ir0eVdEly2PCWrw&p=https%3A%2F%2Fniudl.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F161815499188%2Fgranger-at-the-plow-1873-illinois-during-the&m=1">Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</a>.<br />
<br />
<div class="post_tags fadeable fadeable-source">
<div class="post_tags_inner">
<a class="post_tag " href="https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/Illinois-During-the-GIlded-Age" target="_blank">#Illinois During the GIlded Age</a>
<a class="post_tag " href="https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/niudl" target="_blank">#niudl</a>
<a class="post_tag " href="https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/Grange" target="_blank">#Grange</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-51678516448901159822017-06-13T11:07:00.000-07:002017-06-13T11:09:33.577-07:00Guarding the Cornfields, 1854, by Seth Eastman<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qb95oZsSRpY/WUApN8NlsXI/AAAAAAAABog/NI57d7x5y8gPZHxhhMTWe-Bo6kK3LjUfACLcBGAs/s1600/Guarding%2BCornfields%2B-%2BEastman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="800" height="464" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qb95oZsSRpY/WUApN8NlsXI/AAAAAAAABog/NI57d7x5y8gPZHxhhMTWe-Bo6kK3LjUfACLcBGAs/s640/Guarding%2BCornfields%2B-%2BEastman.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Seth Eastman served in the US Army, including two tours at Fort Snelling
in the Minnesota Territory (near present-day St. Paul). During his
second tour there, he was the fort’s commanding officer. While stationed
at the fort, he painted a number of scenes of Native American life in
the region. In the above scene, Native Americans use noise-making
devices to frighten crows and other birds away from their corn fields.
Eastman contributed hundreds of illustrations, including this one, to Henry Rowe Schoolcraft's six-volume study on <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.niu.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fniu-lincoln%253A36399&t=M2RmZGFlMTA3YmZmYzE2NzM5ZGIzMDY0YzJmMWQ0MDEzN2RiN2JlZCwwaTlnbDIySw%3D%3D&b=t%3AeOPdRd1ir0eVdEly2PCWrw&p=https%3A%2F%2Fniudl.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F161781574193%2Fguarding-the-cornfields-1854-by-seth-eastman&m=1"><i>History of Indian Tribes of the United States</i></a> (1851–1857).<br />
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This image appears on the <a href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/">Lincoln/Net</a> web site. <br />
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Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-85521392503063680432017-05-12T14:24:00.003-07:002017-05-12T14:25:11.116-07:00Stephen Douglas, the Little Giant<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="The Little Giant in the character of a Gladiator | Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project | NIU Digital Library
This cartoon, dating from the late 1850s or 1860, depicts Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas, popularly known as the Little Giant,..." height="1120" src="https://68.media.tumblr.com/0312734e24994edb8b8c93d784f0c109/tumblr_olh66iJEdd1ubfnymo1_1280.jpg" width="800" /><br />
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Image appears in <a href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/">Lincoln/Net</a>, courtesy of the Chicago History Museum<br />
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This cartoon, dating from the late 1850s or 1860, depicts Illinois
Senator Stephen Douglas, popularly known as the Little Giant, as a Roman
gladiator armed with his doctrine of Popular Sovereignty. In Douglas’
usage, Popular Sovereignty suggested that citizens of territories
seeking to become states should determine for themselves if slavery
would be permitted there. This proved very controversial in the northern
states because the Missouri Compromise of 1820 had forbidden slavery in
territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase located north of the 36
30′ (with the exception of Missouri). Douglas’ proposal potentially
threw the entire West open for slavery, and served to intensify the
sectional crisis that led to the Civil War.<br />
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See in <a href="http://digital.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-lincoln%3A33208">NIU Digital Library </a></div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-37936492281153555332017-05-12T14:18:00.006-07:002017-05-12T14:29:49.450-07:00The Haymarket Riot<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="“The Haymarket Riot. The Explosion and the Conflict“ by W. Ottman, 1889 | Illinois During the Gilded Age | NIU Digital Library
On the evening of May 4, 1886, an unknown individual lobbed a dynamite bomb into a formation of Chicago police officers..." height="553" src="https://68.media.tumblr.com/2ce2e9be9536ed5a536b7cb7466e748f/tumblr_onhacweEQf1ubfnymo1_1280.jpg" width="800" /><br />
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The above image is a contemporary artist’s imagining of the moment of the bomb’s explosion, found in <i>Anarchy and Anarchists: A History of the Red Terror in America and Europe </i>by Michael Schaack (Chicago: F.J. Schulte and Co., 1889). It appears in <a href="http://gildedage.lib.niu.edu/">Illinois During the Gilded Age</a>. <br />
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On the evening of May 4, 1886, an unknown individual lobbed a dynamite
bomb into a formation of Chicago police officers sent to disperse an
anarchist meeting in Chicago’s Haymarket Square. The panicked police
responded with a hail of gunfire directed into the crowd attending the
meeting. When order once again prevailed, seven police officers and at
least that many private citizens lay dead, with many more wounded. These
events touched off a wave of civic upheaval as Americans discussed the
Haymarket bomb in light of the period’s rapidly changing economic and
social conditions. It also led to a celebrated trial of eight avowed
anarchists, the execution or death in prison of five of them, and
Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld’s bold pardon of the remaining
three.<br />
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See in <a href="http://digital.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-gildedage%3A19128">NIU Digital Library</a> </div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-65119935167562752562017-05-12T14:07:00.000-07:002017-05-12T14:10:55.907-07:00Owen Lovejoy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="Owen Lovejoy | Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project |NIU Digital Library
Owen Lovejoy (January 6, 1811 – March 25, 1864) was a Congregationalist minister and abolitionist who won election to the United States Congress in 1856. In an 1859..." height="861" src="https://68.media.tumblr.com/f8b21e2810b25cddc5970b7133561712/tumblr_opr5c79ISu1ubfnymo1_1280.jpg" width="800" /><br />
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Image: Northern Illinois University Libraries<br />
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Owen Lovejoy
(January 6, 1811 – March 25, 1864)
was a Congregationalist minister and abolitionist who won election to
the United States Congress in 1856. In an 1859 speech to the House of
Representatives, he declared his opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, a
federal law that required all Americans to assist in the capture of
escaped bondsmen, in the following terms: <br />
“Proclaim it upon the house-tops! Write it upon every leaf that trembles
in the forest! Make it blaze from the sun at high noon and shine forth
in the radiance of every star that bedecks the firmament of God. Let it
echo through all the arches of heaven, and reverberate and bellow
through all the deep gorges of hell, where slave catchers will be very
likely to hear it. Owen Lovejoy lives at Princeton, Illinois,
three-quarters of a mile east of the village, and he aids every fugitive
that comes to his door and asks it. Thou invisible demon of slavery!
Dost thou think to cross my humble threshold, and forbid me to give
bread to the hungry and shelter to the houseless? I bid you defiance in
the name of my God.”<br />
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See <a href="http://digital.lib.niu.edu/">NIU Digital Library</a> </div>
Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-2874135491100180032017-05-12T14:04:00.004-07:002017-05-12T14:11:16.286-07:00"The Last Refuge" by Thomas Cole<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="" class="post_media_photo image" data-pin-description="NIU Digital Library" data-pin-url="https://niudl.tumblr.com/post/160550734183/the-last-refuge-by-thomas-cole-abraham-lincoln" height="408" src="https://68.media.tumblr.com/8b929a1c1b7df457ac4114e9f3ec0c01/tumblr_opsloxMk9Z1ubfnymo1_500.jpg" width="540" /><br />
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Image from <a href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/">Lincoln/Net</a>, courtesy of Newberry Library<br />
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This 1855 engraving of Thomas Cole’s “The Last Refuge” depicts a Native
American man pursued to the top of single pillar of rock in the
wilderness, his “last refuge” from the encroachment of American
settlement. Although all American citizens contributed to this dynamic
to some degree, a significant number, especially Whigs in the urban
North, regretted its impact on Native Americans. Hoping that their
country would devote its energies to the more intensive development of
territory east of the Mississippi River, or even east of the Appalachian
Mountains, they associated rapid western settlement with the spread of
cotton agriculture, slavery, and an American future as an agricultural
nation dependent upon industrial Britain to buy its raw materials. They
also feared it would undermine Christianity’s influence on Americans’
lives, especially those living on the frontier. <br />
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See <a href="http://digital.lib.niu.edu/">NIU Digital Library </a><br />
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Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-85806685878055428082017-05-12T13:56:00.003-07:002017-05-12T14:11:42.391-07:00US Gunboat Cairo<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="niudl:
“ U.S. Gunboat Cairo - Courtesy of Tulane University Libraries Robert M. Jones Steamboat Collection | Mark Twain’s Mississippi Project | NIU Digital Library
“Cairo, an ironclad river gunboat, was built in 1861 by James Eads and Co., Mound..." height="458" src="https://68.media.tumblr.com/b8250a8aa285c5aef14546a45f3432f5/tumblr_opulgmf0WR1ubfnymo1_1280.jpg" width="800" /><br />
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Image appears in NIU's <a href="http://twain.lib.niu.edu/">Mark Twain's Mississippi Project</a>, courtesy of Tulane University Libraries' Robert M. Jones Steamboat Collection <br />
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“Cairo, an ironclad river gunboat, was built in 1861 by James Eads and
Co., Mound City, Ill., under an Army contract; and commissioned as an
Army ship 25 January 1862, naval Lieutenant James M. Prichett in
command.”<br />
“Cairo served with the Army’s Western Gunboat
Fleet, commanded by Flag Officer A. H. Foote, on the Mississippi and
Ohio Rivers and their tributaries until transferred to the Navy 1
October 1862 with the other river gunboats. Active in the occupation of
Clarksville, Tenn., 17 February 1862, and of Nashville, Tenn., 25
February, Cairo stood down the river 12 April escorting mortar boats to
begin the lengthy operations against Fort Pillow, Tenn. An engagement
with Confederate gunboats at Plum Point Bend on 11 May marked a series
of blockading and bombardment activities which culminated in the
abandonment of the Fort by its defenders on 4 June.”<br />
“Two days
later, 6 June 1862, Cairo joined in the triumph of seven Union ships and
a tug over eight Confederate gunboats off Memphis, Tenn., an action in
which five of the opposing gunboats were sunk or run ashore, two
seriously damaged, and only one managed to escape. That night Union
forces occupied the city. Cairo returned to patrol on the Mississippi
until 21 November when she joined the Yazoo Expedition. On 12 December
1862, while clearing mines from the river preparatory to the attack on
Haines Bluff, Miss., Cairo struck a torpedo and sank.” – Dictionary of
American Naval Fighting Ships.<br />
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See <a href="http://digital.lib.niu.edu/">NIU Digital Library </a><br />
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Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682566846236114217.post-85179774942974188602017-05-12T13:41:00.001-07:002017-05-12T13:41:27.890-07:00A New Type of Post<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This spring I have begun posting individual images from Northern Illinois University Libraries' Digital Library, principally from digital projects exploring American history and culture that I have developed, to the Digital Library's TUMBLR account. I typically offer a few words of explanation or analysis to accompany the image.<br />
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I post materials for one week out of every month, every day of that week. My colleagues and I have agreed to re-post materials via our own blogs, so here goes...<br />
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Drew VandeCreekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01294056331887448378noreply@blogger.com0